膀胱癌

定义

膀胱癌 is the growth of 癌症细胞 that start in the 膀胱. The 膀胱 stores urine until it is passed from the body. 主要有三种 膀胱癌的类型:

• Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma
• 鳞状细胞癌
• 腺癌

原因

Cancer happens when cells in the body split without control or 订单. 这些细胞形成生长或肿瘤. These harmful growths can attack nearby tissues and make it hard for the 膀胱 to work as it should. 癌细胞也可以 扩散到身体的其他部位.

It is not clear exactly what 原因 癌症 to grow. 很有可能 基因和环境的混合.

风险因素

膀胱癌 is more common in men. 它在美国也更常见 people over 55 years old and those who are White. Other things that may raise the risk 是:

• 吸烟 以及接触到别人的吸烟
• 从事某些工作，例如:
  • 橡胶、皮革和纺织品
  • 绘画
  • 美容
  • 机械
  • 印刷
  • 卡车运输
  • 石油
• Exposure to arsenic in drinking water
• 有膀胱癌家族史
• 某些基因问题
• Problems that cause irritation in the 膀胱 such as repeated 感染 或者使用导管
• 肥胖
• Certain medicines or 治疗, such as:

症状

症状可能不会马上出现. 膀胱癌可能导致:

• 尿中带血
• 泌尿系统问题，例如:
  • 小便更频繁
  • 迫切需要排尿
  • 疼痛
  • Slow stream or having a hard time passing urine
• 腰痛
• Weight loss, bone pain, or belly pain—found in later stages

诊断

The doctor will ask about symptoms and past health. 尿液和 blood tests may be done to rule out other urinary tract issues. 可以进行图像测试 to look for tumors or other changes:

• 膀胱镜检查
• 静脉肾盂造影照片 (IVP)
• CT扫描
• 核磁共振成像扫描
• 超声波

A sample of the tumor will be taken and test with a 活组织检查.

The exam and test results help find the stage of 癌症. 膀胱 癌症分为0到4级. Stage 0 is 癌症 that has stayed in one area. 第四阶段是 a 癌症 that has 扩散到身体的其他部位.

膀胱癌的分期

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治疗

治疗 depends on the stage of the 膀胱 癌症 and the 人的健康和年龄. 可以使用几种治疗方法.

Surgery is often used to remove the tumor and nearby tissue. 选项包括:

• Transurethral resection (TURBT)—Removes 癌症细胞 with tools placed through a 范围. Any remaining cells can be burned away with another tool.
• 胆囊切除术 可以是:
  • Partial—Part of the 膀胱 and nearby healthy tissue are removed.
  • Radical—The entire 膀胱 and nearby lymph nodes are removed.
    • In men—The prostate may be taken out.
    • In women—The uterus, ovaries, part of the vagina, and the fallopian 可以取出管子.

化学治疗(化疗) 用毒品杀人 癌症细胞. It may be given by mouth, shots, or IV. 对于一些人来说，它可以被放入 膀胱. This is called intravesical chemotherapy. 化疗可予:

• 手术前缩小肿瘤
• After surgery—to kill any 癌症细胞 that may remain
• 帮助辐射更好地发挥作用
• For 膀胱 癌症s that have spread to distant parts of the body

Radiation therapy may be used alone or with chemo. 它使用x射线 or particles to kill 癌症细胞 and shrink tumors. 可能是:

• External—radiation is aimed at the 膀胱 from a source outside the body
• Internal—radioactive materials placed into 膀胱 in or near the 癌症细胞

Radiation therapy may be used after surgery, or for those who cannot have surgery. It may also be used to treat symptoms from advanced 癌症.

其他治疗方法包括:

• Immunotherapy—drugs that help the body fight 癌症. 它们可以通过静脉注射或静脉注射 液体的:作为液体放置在膀胱中的.
• Targeted therapy—drugs that target the 癌症细胞. 它们是口服的.

预防

To help lower the risk of 膀胱 癌症:

• 如果你吸烟，戒烟. Stay away from others when they are smoking.
• Follow safe practices when working with chemicals.

参考文献

• 膀胱癌. 美国癌症协会网站. 可用 在:http://www.癌症.org/癌症/膀胱-癌症.html.
• 膀胱癌. EBSCO DynaMed网站. 可用 在:http://www.力学.com/condition/膀胱-癌症.
• DeGeorge KC, Holt HR等. 膀胱癌的诊断和诊断 治疗. 我的家庭医生. 2017;96(8):507-514.
• General information about 膀胱 癌症. 国家癌症研究所网站. 可在http://www下载.癌症.gov/types/膀胱/patient/膀胱-治疗-pdq.
• 非肌性浸润性膀胱癌. 泌尿科护理基金会网站. 可在:http://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/n/non-muscle-invasive-膀胱-癌症.