癌症类型:脑癌

Definition

Brain tumors are abnormal growths in the brain.

主要有两种类型:

• Primary—A tumor starts in the brain.
• Secondary—Cancer spreads to the brain from another site in the body. These are 称为脑转移瘤. The most common come from lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma.

Brain Tumor

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Causes

Cancer is when cells in the body split without control or order. 它们继续形成肿瘤. The term cancer refers to harmful growths. These growths harm nearby tissues. They can also spread throughout the brain or spinal cord. It is not 弄清楚原因是什么.

Risk Factors

A person is at higher risk of having a brain tumor if they:

• 暴露在辐射中
• Have problems with their immune system
• Have people in their family with the same problems

Symptoms

Symptoms depend on the tumor's size and where it is. A growing tumor will often have swelling around it. 这被称为脑水肿. The tumor or 其脑水肿可引起:

• Problems due to more pressure in the brain
• Drowsiness
• Problems due to the part of the brain that has the tumor

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about symptoms and health history. The answers and a physical exam may raise concern about a brain tumor. Other tests that may be done include:

• 影像学检查，如:
  • MRI scan-这是最常用的 帮助诊断脑肿瘤
  • CT scan
  • PET scan
• Biopsy or craniotomy—a sample of the tumor 是在实验室研究和测试的吗

肿瘤有很多种. Test results and a biopsy will help find the type. Knowing this helps with a care plan.

Treatment

Care depends on the tumor type and where it is. Some methods may 留下持久的问题.

Before starting care, a person may need:

• Steroids to reduce swelling and fluid buildup
• 抗癫痫药物

Surgery

A person may need:

• Craniotomy-部分或全部肿瘤 removed through a hole in the skull
• Shunt—a long thin tube is placed in the brain to drain fluid to another part of the body

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses radiation to kill cancer cells. It may be used after surgery to kill remaining cancer cells.

• External—Radiation is directed at the tumor from a source outside the body. 肿瘤从 another area of the body may be treated with whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT).
• Internal—Radioactive materials are placed in the body near the cancer cells. This 脑瘤不常做吗.
• Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)—Higher doses of radiation can be sent to specific areas of the brain often in a single dose. 并不是所有类型都使用这种方法 of tumors.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy 使用药物来杀死癌症 cells. It may given by mouth, shots, or IV. The drugs enter the bloodstream and 传遍全身.

康复治疗

This will help you get better faster. 这种治疗持续多久? takes depends on the amount of damage the tumor has caused. Therapy will help with:

• Walking, balance, and building strength
• Daily skills such as dressing, eating, and using the toilet
• 说话或吞咽问题

Prevention

There is no way to prevent a brain tumor since the cause is unknown.

References

• Adult central nervous (CNS) tumors treatment (PDQ®)-health professional version. 国家癌症研究所网站. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/adult-brain-treatment-pdq.
• Astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma in adults. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/condition/astrocytoma-and-oligodendroglioma-in-adults.
• Brain tumors. American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Available at: http://www.aans.org/en/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Brain-Tumors.
• Glioblastoma. EBSCO DynaMed网站. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/condition/glioblastoma.
• Lukas, R.V. and Mrugala, M.M. 关键治疗试验 infiltrating gliomas and how they affect clinical practice. Neuro Oncol Pract, 2017; 4( 4): 209-219.
• Lukas, R.V., Wainwright, D.A., et al. Newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a review on clinical management. Oncology (Williston Park), 2019; 33 (3): 91-100.
• 颅内肿瘤概述. 默克专业手册 Version website. Available at: http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/intracranial-and-spinal-tumors/overview-of-intracranial-tumors.